"The Creative Brain"

Nanct Andreasen, "The Creating Brain: the Neuroscience of Genius", 2005, Dana Press, New York
「Personality traits that define the creative individual include openness to experience, adventuresomeness, rebelliousness, individualism, sensitivity, playfulness, persistence, curiosity, and simplicity.」（p.30）
「Creative people tend to approach the world in a fresh and original way that is not shaped by preconceptions.」（p.30/31）
「Creative people tend to approach the world in a fresh and original way that is not shaped by preconceptions. The obvious order and rules that are so evident to less creative people, and which give a comfortable structure to life, often are not perceived by the creative individual, who tends to see things in a different and novel way.」（p.30/31）
「The obvious order and rules that are so evident to less creative people, and which give a comfortable structure to life, often are not perceived by the creative individual, who tends to see things in a different and novel way.」（p.31）
「openness is accompanied by a tolerance for ambiguity. Creative people do not crave the absolutism of a black and white world; they are quite comfortable with shades of gray.」（p.31）
「A self-organizing system is one that literally a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. It is defined as a system that is created from components that are in existence and that spontaneously reorganize themselves to create something new, without the influence of any external force or executive plan. Control over a self-organizing system is not cetralized. It is distributed over the entire system.」（p.62）
→A school is, or should be, a micture of a self-organizing system and a centralized system.
「In chapter 2, I described many personality characteristics of creative people that make them more vulnerable, including openness to new experiences, a tolerance for ambiguity, and an approach to life and the world that is relatively free of preconceptions. This flexibility permits them to perceive things in a fresh and novel way, which is an important basis for creativity. But it also means that their inner world is complex, ambiguous, and filled with shades of gray rather than black and white. It is a world filled with many questions and few easy answers. While less creative people can quickly respond to situations based on what they have been told by people in authority --- parents, teachers, pastors, rabbis, or priests --- the creative person lives in a more fluid and nebulous world.」（p.101）
「And we have seen how creative ideas probably occur as part of a potentially dangerous mental process, when associations in the brain are flying freely during unconscious mental states -- how thoughts must become momentarily disorganized prior to organizing. Such a process is very similar to that which occurs during psychotic states of mania, depression, or schizophrenia.」（p.102）
「The anecdote illustraites two common traits of the creative mind and brain: the need to have free-floating periods of thought during which inspiration may come as the brain spontaneously self-organizes and new associative links are found, and the uncompromising and obsessional perfectionism that seeks to achieve the ideal product or result.」（p.120/121）
→「the need to have free-floating periods of thought during which inspiration may come as the brain spontaneously self-organizes and new associatiative links are found,」（p.120）
「The creative process arises from the ferment of ideas in the brain, turning and colliding until something new emerges. At the neural level associations begin to form where they did not previously exist, and some of these associations are perilously novel. An environment full of intellectual richness and freedom is the ideal one in which to create the creative brain.」（p.128）
「In art alone the city was filled with men of genius, bouncing ideas back and forth and borrowing what was best. Add to that the philosophers, poets, and politicians --- it was an astonishingly rich congregation of human beings, who created social networks that cross-fertilized one another and opened avenues from which new ideas could emerge. Another self-organizing system, so to speak.」（p.129）
→A self-organizing system in a brain and that among brains.
「As Darwin has pointed out, evolution thrives on variation. And creativity does as well.」（p.152）
「We have learned that highly creative people particular personality and cognitive traits, such as openness to experience, curiosity, and a tolerance of ambiguity. We have learned that they often get their ideas as flashes of insight, through moments of inspiration, or by going into a state at the edge of chaos, where ideas float, soar, collide, and connect. We have learned that this creative state arises from a mind and brain that are rich in associative links that encourage new combinations to occur freely.」（p.159）
「Robert Root-Bernstein and his wife, Michele Root-Bernstein, who discuss creativity in a refreshingly novel way. They argue that creativity may often arise from taking ideas from one field and transferring them to another. They also discuss the phenomenon of being a polymath.」（p.160）
「they have also written a recent book about creativity, Sparks of Genius (1999), which describes thirteen ways to enhance creativity.」（p.160）